Studies have shown that pulses like receptor (TLR) play several important roles in the process of reproduction such as ovulation, spermatogenesis, capacitation of sperm, fertilization, and pregnancy to the best of our knowledge, no study has evaluated the expression and role of these molecules and their decline in spermatozoa; accompanied with pregnancy complications such as recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Therefore, this study investigated the changes in pulse like receptor 2 (TLR2) and pulses like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in spermatozoa in men whose partner has described RSA.
Fifteen infertile couples and described fifteen couples with recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) were included in this study. TLR2 and TLR4 expression levels of untreated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or PAM3CYS in spermatozoa treated examined by flow cytometry. The results showed reduced expression of TLR4 in spermatozoa untreated and decreased levels of LPS or PAM3CYS in spermatozoa treated in URSA group compared with the control group. No significant differences were found in TLR2 expression untreated spermatozoa in the RSA and the control group. After treatment of spermatozoa with LPS, TLR2 expression was decreased in both groups.
After treatment of spermatozoa with PAM3CYS, TLR2 expression levels increased significantly in URSA group; while no significant differences were shown in the control group compared to the untreated spermatozoa. We have concluded that the decrease in the expression of TLR4 and TLR2 differ increased expression in response to ligands on the treatment of spermatozoa associated with Ursa.
Decreased Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 Expression in Spermatozoa in Couples with Unexplained Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion (URSA).
Toll-like receptor (TLR) responds tributyltin chloride (TBT-Cl) of exposure at river puffer (Takifugu obscurus): Evidence for toxic injury function.
Tributyltin chloride (TBT-Cl) in the rest of the body of water has become a real problem for the aquatic ecosystem ecology. Toll-like receptor (TLR) is an ancient family of pattern recognition receptors that play a key role in detecting non-self antigens and activation of the immune system. In this study, we explored the effect of exposure to TBT-Cl in four expression of TLRs in the river puffer, Takifugu obscurus.
Fourth T. obscurus Toll-like receptor (To-TLRs) contained various types of domains like leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), leucine rich repeats, typical of the subfamily (LRR_TYP) and other specialized domains. To-TLRs mRNA transcripts expressed in all tissues, as well as To-TLR2 investigated with higher levels in the kidney, as well as To-TLR3 in the kidneys, while the To-TLR18 in the liver and To-TLR22 in the intestine. After the acute and chronic exposure of TBT-Cl, To-To-TLR2 and TLR3 mRNA transcripts were significantly down-regulated in the gills. However, To-To-TLR22 TLR18 and significantly up-regulated in the gills and liver.
In addition, histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) results showed different degrees of injury of TBT-Cl in the liver and gills and implied the reorganization of the cytoplasm after the stress of TBT-Cl and immunoregulation function to the To-TLRs exposure to TBT-Cl. All results indicate that the To-TLRs might be involved in sensing and mediating innate immune response caused by TBT-Cl to maintain homeostasis detoxification.
BACKGROUND Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a progressive autoimmune disorder caused by the production of antibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue. This study aimed to explore the effects and mechanism of grilled nux vomica (GNV) in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) mice.
Description: TLR1 Antibody: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern-recognition molecules resembling the toll proteins that mediate antimicrobial responses in Drosophila. These proteins recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. The TLRs act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors so the organism can respond to potential infection. TLR1 is co-expressed with TLR2 on myeloid cells of the innate immune systems in lymphoid tissue such as monocytes and dendritic cells where they form heterodimers that can recognize triacylated lipoproteins.
Description: TLR1 Antibody: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern-recognition molecules resembling the toll proteins that mediate antimicrobial responses in Drosophila. These proteins recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. The TLRs act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors so the organism can respond to potential infection. TLR1 is co-expressed with TLR2 on myeloid cells of the innate immune systems in lymphoid tissue such as monocytes and dendritic cells where they form heterodimers that can recognize triacylated lipoproteins.
Description: TLR1 Antibody: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern-recognition molecules resembling the toll proteins that mediate antimicrobial responses in Drosophila. These proteins recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. The TLRs act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors so the organism can respond to potential infection. TLR1 is co-expressed with TLR2 on myeloid cells of the innate immune systems in lymphoid tissue such as monocytes and dendritic cells where they form heterodimers that can recognize triacylated lipoproteins.
Description: TLR1 Antibody: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern-recognition molecules resembling the toll proteins that mediate antimicrobial responses in Drosophila. These proteins recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. The TLRs act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors so the organism can respond to potential infection. TLR1 is co-expressed with TLR2 on myeloid cells of the innate immune systems in lymphoid tissue such as monocytes and dendritic cells where they form heterodimers that can recognize triacylated lipoproteins.
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR1. Recognizes TLR1 from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;ELISA:1:1000-1:2000, WB:1:200-1:1000, IHC:1:15-1:50
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR1. Recognizes TLR1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;WB:1:500-1:2000, IHC:1:50-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR1. Recognizes TLR1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;WB:1:500-1:2000, IHC:1:50-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR1. Recognizes TLR1 from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC, IF; Recommended dilution: IHC:1:20-1:200, IF:1:50-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR1. Recognizes TLR1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: IHC, ELISA;IHC:1:200-500.ELISA:1/10000
Description: Higher animals establish host defense by orchestrating innate and adaptive immunity. This is mediated by professional antigen presenting cells, i.e. dendritic cells (DCs). DCs can incorporate pathogens, produce a variety of cytokines, maturate, and present pathogen-derived peptides to T cells, thereby inducing T cell activation and differentiation. These responses are triggered by microbial recognition through type I transmembrane proteins, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on DCs. TLRs consist of ten members and each TLR is involved in recognizing a variety of microorganism-derived molecular structures. TLR ligands include cell wall components, proteins, nucleic acids, and synthetic chemical compounds, all of which can activate DCs as immune adjuvants. Each TLR can activate DCs in a similar, but distinct manner. For example, TLRs can be divided into subgroups according to their type I interferon (IFN) inducing ability. TLR2 cannot induce IFN-alpha or IFN-beta, but TLR4 can lead to IFN-beta production. Meanwhile, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 can induce both IFN-alpha and IFN-beta. Recent evidences suggest that cytoplamic adapters for TLRs are especially crucial for this functional heterogeneity.
Description: Higher animals establish host defense by orchestrating innate and adaptive immunity. This is mediated by professional antigen presenting cells, i.e. dendritic cells (DCs). DCs can incorporate pathogens, produce a variety of cytokines, maturate, and present pathogen-derived peptides to T cells, thereby inducing T cell activation and differentiation. These responses are triggered by microbial recognition through type I transmembrane proteins, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on DCs. TLRs consist of ten members and each TLR is involved in recognizing a variety of microorganism-derived molecular structures. TLR ligands include cell wall components, proteins, nucleic acids, and synthetic chemical compounds, all of which can activate DCs as immune adjuvants. Each TLR can activate DCs in a similar, but distinct manner. For example, TLRs can be divided into subgroups according to their type I interferon (IFN) inducing ability. TLR2 cannot induce IFN-alpha or IFN-beta, but TLR4 can lead to IFN-beta production. Meanwhile, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 can induce both IFN-alpha and IFN-beta. Recent evidences suggest that cytoplamic adapters for TLRs are especially crucial for this functional heterogeneity.
Description: Toll-like receptor 1(TLR1), also called TIL or CD281 is a member of the Toll-like receptor family(TLR) of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system. This gene is mapped to 4p14 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is ubiquitously expressed, and at higher levels than other TLR genes. Different length transcripts presumably resulting from use of alternative polyadenylation site, and/or from alternative splicing, have been noted for this gene.
Description: Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1), also called TIL or CD281 is a member of the Toll-like receptor family (TLR) of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system. This gene is mapped to 4p14 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is ubiquitously expressed, and at higher levels than other TLR genes. Different length transcripts presumably resulting from use of alternative polyadenylation site, and/or from alternative splicing, have been noted for this gene.
Description: Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1), also called TIL or CD281 is a member of the Toll-like receptor family (TLR) of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system. This gene is mapped to 4p14 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is ubiquitously expressed, and at higher levels than other TLR genes. Different length transcripts presumably resulting from use of alternative polyadenylation site, and/or from alternative splicing, have been noted for this gene.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of TLR1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This TLR1 antibody is for IHC-P. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen recombinant protein
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of TLR1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This TLR1 antibody is for IHC-P. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen recombinant protein
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of TLR1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This TLR1 antibody is for IHC-P. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen recombinant protein
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of TLR1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This TLR1 antibody is for IHC-P. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen recombinant protein
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of TLR1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This TLR1 antibody is for IHC-P. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen recombinant protein
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of TLR1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This TLR1 antibody is for IHC-P. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen recombinant protein
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human TLR1 . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human TLR1 . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Goat that recognizes and binds to Human TLR1 . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is ubiquitously expressed, and at higher levels than other TLR genes. Different length transcripts presumably resulting from use of alternative polyadenylation site, and/or from alternative splicing, have been noted for this gene.
Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is ubiquitously expressed, and at higher levels than other TLR genes. Different length transcripts presumably resulting from use of alternative polyadenylation site, and/or from alternative splicing, have been noted for this gene.
Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is ubiquitously expressed, and at higher levels than other TLR genes. Different length transcripts presumably resulting from use of alternative polyadenylation site, and/or from alternative splicing, have been noted for this gene.
Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is ubiquitously expressed, and at higher levels than other TLR genes. Different length transcripts presumably resulting from use of alternative polyadenylation site, and/or from alternative splicing, have been noted for this gene.
Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is ubiquitously expressed, and at higher levels than other TLR genes. Different length transcripts presumably resulting from use of alternative polyadenylation site, and/or from alternative splicing, have been noted for this gene.
Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is ubiquitously expressed, and at higher levels than other TLR genes. Different length transcripts presumably resulting from use of alternative polyadenylation site, and/or from alternative splicing, have been noted for this gene.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice 97-116 peptides used to mediate the disease in the model EAMG in SPF female Lewis rats. The treatment group received grilled Nux Vomica (75 mg / kg, 150 mg / kg, and 225 mg / kg). The autoantibodies and inflammatory cytokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RNA profiles done on the high dose group and rat models.
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Antibodies | Assay Kits | Biology Cells | cDNA | Clia Kits | Devices | DNA | DNA Testing | Elisa Kits | Equipments | Medium & Serums | NATtrol | Particles | Peptides | Recombinant Proteins | Ria Kits | RNA | Vector & Virus | Western Blot 
Antibodies | Assay Kits | Biology Cells | cDNA | Clia Kits | Culture Cells | DNA | DNA Templates | DNA Testing | Enzymes | Equipments | Gels | NATtrol | Particles | PCR | Peptides | Recombinant Proteins | Ria Kits | Test Kits | Vector & Virus | Western Blot
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