innate immunity is driven by pattern recognition receptor (PRR) protect the host from the pathogen. aquatic animals such as fish where adaptive immunity is less developed majorly rely on their innate immunity is affected by PRRS like pulses like receptors (TLRs) and NOD like receptors (NLR). However, recent developments to improve the immunity of fish through the TLR / NLR signals may be affected by a poor understanding of the mechanistic and structural features.
This review discusses the structure of fish TLRs / NLRs and interaction with pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and downstream signaling molecules. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in studying the structure of TLRs / NLRs in higher eukaryotes;
However, structural studies on innate immune receptors damaged fish. Several new TLR genes identified in fish that are not present in higher eukaryotes, but this function is still poorly understood. Unlike the basic advances achieved in developing antagonists / agonists to modulate the innate human immunity, analog study on fish almost less because of structural deficiencies. This underlies the importance of exploring the structural and mechanistic details fish TLRs / NLRs at the level of atoms and molecules. This review described the basic mechanistic and structural fish and NLR TLR activation.
Structure of fish Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD-like receptors (NLR)
Targeting Toll like Receptors in Cancer: Role of TLR Natural and Synthetic Modulators
Background: Toll like receptor (TLR) is a transmembrane receptor belonging to the group area of pattern recognition receptor classes (PRR), is involved in the recognition of Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and thereby drive the immune response. In addition to these exogenous PAMPs, many PAMPs endogenous ligand also for various TLRs to activate TLR dependent immune response, then leads to the onset of the inflammatory response. Prolonged activation of TLRs by PAMPs endogenous insult leads to chronic inflammation in the body and which in turn alter the proliferative pattern of cells, which eventually lead to cancer development.
Objective: Review aims to present to provide a detailed outline of the various TLRs differential role in cancer and the possibility of their use as a therapeutic target.
Methods: Data were collected from PubMed / ScienceDirect / Web of Science database and sorted; Recent literature on TLRs established in the review.
Results: Among the different TLRs, few of the reported anti-neoplastic, that control cell growth and multiplication in response to endogenous signals. In contrast, many studies have reported pro-carcinogenic potential of TLRs. Therefore, TLRs have emerged as potential targets for the prevention and treatment of various cancers. Some molecules such as monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors and natural products have shown promising anticancer potential by effectively modulating TLR signaling. Conclusion: Toll like receptor plays an important role in the carcinogenesis process, then the targeting TLR is a promising approach for cancer prevention.
We evaluated gene expression patterns TLRs (TLR1 to TLR9) in T47D and MDA-MB-468 cells using real-time qPCR analysis. Intracellular expression of TLR9 protein was studied by flow cytometry. Effect of CpG ODN on cell viability was tested by using MTT assay.
Description: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single, membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptors usually expressed in sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize st
Description: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single, membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptors usually expressed in sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize st
Description: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single, membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptors usually expressed in sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize st
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor4 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor4 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor4 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 3 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 3 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 3 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 2 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 2 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 2 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 7 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 7 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 7 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 8 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 8 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 8 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 9 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 9 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 9 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll-like receptor 1 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll-like receptor 1 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll-like receptor 1 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 5 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 5 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 5 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 6 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 6 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Toll Like Receptor 6 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
The relative expression of pro-inflammatory (IL6 and TNF) and anti-inflammatory / immunosuppressive cytokine genes (IL-10 and TGF beta1) qPCR.Results examined by Real-time: We found that the MDA-MB-468 cells expressed TLR2, TLR3, TLR6, TLR8 and TLR9 gene and T47D cells express TLR3 gene, TRL5, TLR8 and TLR9. In vitro stimulation with CpG TLR9 significantly reduce cell viability T47D and MDA-MB-468 cells.
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